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High Yield Points for PLAB by Clinchers




CNS: 

  • CT of brain = SOL (space occupying lesion) / Embolus / Haemorrhage
  • Petechial hemorrhage in tempo-inferio frontal lobe = herpes simplex encephalitis
  • Parkinson’s Mx = benhexol?
  • Symptoms of raise ICP = HTN = no SOL = benign intracranial HTN
  • Mx of benign intracranial HTN is acetazolamide (diuretic)
  • Pancoast tumor will cause horner synd
  • Café au lait lesion at birth with multiple nodule = NF
  • Motor neuron disease = multiple motor dysfunction
  • Undue fatigue end of day with afternoon blindness = Myasthenia Gravis
  • Myasthenia gravis : autoimmune Ab against acetylcholine receptor
  • Myasthenia gravis Ix : Auto-Ab + Tnsilon test
  • Myasthenia gravis Mx: Anticholinestrase / steroids

GIT: 

  • RUQ pain, fever, H/o = cholecystitis
  • Rigors/fever = pyelonephritis / pneumonia / malaria / sclerosing cholangitis
  • Rectal bleed = diverticulitis(painless) / colorectal Ca.(fresh blood) / piles / crohn’s / UC
  • PAS (periodic acid schiff on jejunal biopsy) positve granules = whipples disease
    Whipples disease = GI mal absorption, middle age male, arthalgia (colonic migratory), wt loss, diarrhoea, colicky. Ix: jejunal biopsy = PAS granules/ st… villi, Rx: Ceftriaxone
  • Travellers diarrhoea = E.coli / compylobacter
  • HbsAg = first to appear post exposure
  • HbeAg = signify acute phase
  • Abdominal pain (african), bladder calcification = schistosoma haematobium
  • Infective bowel disease with juandice, RUQ pain = PSC
  • Juandice getting worse after infection = Gilbert synd
  • Fever, juandice with epigastric pain = charcot’s triad(ascending cholangitis)
  • GI perforation = Ix: erect CXR => gass under diagphram (abd X-ray?)
  • Excess alcohol damages liver which affects Vit-k = Bruising

Endocrinology: 

  • Obese, weight gain, tired + constiated = aqquired hypothyroidism
  • Female sex harmone => hypothalamus => pituitary => ovary
  • PPH = sheehan’s synd = (a) ant. Pituitary ischemia (most harmone RF )
    (b) post pituuitary = ADH
  • No menses, hirsutism, acne, balding = ovarian reason
  • 17,B-Estradiol = ovaries produce this.
  • Estrone = adipose tissue produce this + androstenedione
  • Gulucose inhibits GH is acromegaly GTT + GH confirms Dx
  • Oral pigmentation / hypotension = addision, Ix: short synechtin test
  • Confirm addisons disease = short synechtin test
  • pt. with Ca++ renal stones =check PTH
  • Type-1 DM = absolute deficiency of insulin => DKA
  • Typ-2 DM relative deficiency of insulin => HONK
  • Cushing = raised glucocorticoids = raised cortisol
  • Drug induced thyrotoxicosis by amiodarone / lithium / digoxin
  • Heat intolerance = hyperthyroidism , cold intolerance = hypothyroidism
  • Hyperparathyroidism will cause increased serum calcium level
  • HTN with low K+ = conn’s syndrome (decreased ADH)
  • Hyperthyroid Ix = raised T4 (thyroxine) level
  • DM : long standing nephropathy will cause raised insulin levels if it is not checked/regulated regularly causing hypoglycemia
  • Autonomic neuropathy will causd diarrhea, postural hypotension, impotence
  • Hypothyroid on thyroxine follow up Ix = TSH

Nephrology: 

    • IgA nephropathy = glomerulonephritis sec. to URTI infection in children (1-3/7 post URTI)
    • Henoch schonlein purpura = buttocks rash in children + abd pain
    • Minimal changed nehropathy = fusion of podocytes on electron microscope
    • Access of RF = renal U/S = see size of kidney
    • ca+ renal stones ass.with thiazide diuretics, also urate = Gout
    • Renal stone or abdominal mass = U/S
    • Mx of BPH = a-Blocker (terazosin)
    • Mx of anemia in RF pt. = Erythropoietin inj
    • Acute renal failure with PE = Mx by Dialysis

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